2020 경찰대 1차 영어 시험 번역본(16번~30번)

16. It is a principle in many legal systems that a competent adult has a right to refuse any, even lifesaving, treatment. This principle applies to the treatment of physical illness. It does not apply however in many countries to those with mental illness. Take the case of England, where it is the Mental Health Act that governs the (빈칸) treatment of patients with mental disorder.

① alternative ② compulsory ③ adjunctive ④ incremental ⑤ preventive

16. 많은 사법 시스템에서는 결정권이 있는 성인이 생명을 구할 수도 있는 치료를 거부할 수 있는 권리가 있다. 이 원칙은 신체적 질병에도 적용됩니다. 그러나 정신적 질병에는 많은 국가들에서는 적용되지 않습니다. 정신 건강 법률이 정신적 질병을 가지고 있는 환자들의 (빈칸) 치료를 통제하는 영국의 사례를 들 수 있습니다. 

① 대체 ② 강제 ③ 부가 ④ 증가 ⑤ 예방

17. A social-conflict analysis begins by pointing out that sports are closely linked to social inequality. Some sports— including tennis, swimming, golf, and skiing—are expensive, so participation is largely limited to the well-to-do. Football, baseball, and basketball, however, are accessible to people of all income levels. In short, the games people play are not simply a matter of choice but also reflect social (빈칸). 

① bonds ② needs ③ trends ④ standing ⑤ preference

17. 사회적 갈등의 분석은 스포츠가 사회적 불평등과 깊은 연관이 있다는 것에서부터 시작합니다. 테니스, 골프, 스키를 포함하는 일부 스포츠들은 비싼 스포츠들이고, 그래서 참가는 부유한 사람들에게만 크게 한정되어 있습니다. 그러나 축구, 야구와 농구는 모든 소득 수준의 사람들에게 열려 있습니다. 줄여 말하자면, 사람들이 하는 경기들은 선택의 문제일 뿐 만 아니라 사회적 (빈칸)을 반영합니다. 

1. 유대 2. 필요 3. 유행 4. 지위 5. 선호

18. What should the effect of success on motivation be? Should it necessarily increase motivation? The argument earlier suggests that if learners realize that successful performance in some activity leads toward their goal, then expectancies are likely to rise. This would appear to say that success will tend to increase motivation, but matters are not that simple. This argument considers potential motivation and ignores motivational arousal. Motivational arousal is based on a person’s assumption of how much effort is needed to perform an activity correctly. Studies indicate that motivational arousal is greatest for tasks that are assumed to be of moderate difficulty. If success rate is considered very high or very low, motivational arousal is (빈칸). In other words, we try hardest for things we consider challenging but not nearly impossible.   

① weakened ② mobilized ③ fluctuated ④ stabilized ⑤ alternated

18. 동기 부여에 대한 성공의 효과는 무엇이어야 할까? 그것이 필연적으로 동기 부여를 증가시킬까? 이전의 논쟁은 학습자가 어떤 활동에서의 성공적인 활동이 그들의 목표로 이끌어 준다는 것을 깨닫게 된다면, 예상치가 높아질 거라는 것을 시사하였다. 이것은 성공이 동기 부여 정도를 늘릴 수 있다고 보일 수 있지만, 세상 일이 그렇게 간단한 것은 아니다. 이 논쟁은 잠재적인 동기 부여를 고려하고 동기적인 자극은 무시한다. 동기적인 자극은 활동을 정확하게 할 수 있는데 필요한 노력이 얼마나 필요한지에 대한 사람의 추측에 기초한다. 연구들은 동기적인 자극은 보통 난이도로 추측되는 일들에 대해 가장 크다라는 걸 시사한다. 성공률이 매우 높거나 매우 낮다고 생각될 때, 동기적인 자극은 (빈칸). 다른 말로, 우리는 도전적이지만 거의 불가능하지는 않다고 생각하는 일들에 대해 제일 열심히 시도한다. 

1. 약해진다. 2. 움직인다. 3. 오르내린다. 4. 안정된다. 5. 교체된다. 

19. For historians of Africa identity can be a tricky intellectual issue. Africans are, like people everywhere, compilations of numerous identities, some of which are personally or collectively claimed, others of which are imposed by outsiders. If people are asked who the most famous living African is, the usual answer is ‘Nelson Mandela.’ But as we write this in the aftermath of the 2006 World Cup, there is a good case for saying that the most famous living African is Zinédene Zidane. Let’s consider this one individual. Who, or what, is Zidane? He’s a Frenchman, born and raised in Marseilles. But he’s also a North African, whose parents emigrated from Algeria; and a Berber, with family roots in the Kabyle mountains and reportedly fiercely proud of his ancestral village. He also describes himself as a Muslim. And he is, of course, a footballer. Whichever of these labels Zidane himself chooses to use would depend both on where he is and how he’s thinking at the time. Identity, in other words, is as (빈칸) as it is multifaceted.

① unique ② ethnic ③ political ④ indigenous ⑤ fluid

19. 아프리카의 역사학자들에게 정체성은 까다로운 지적인 문제일 수 있다. 세계 어느 곳의 사람들과 같이, 아프리카인들은 일부는 개인적으로나 집단적으로 얻은, 그리고 다른 일부는 외부인들에게 의해 부여된 다양한 정체성의 모음이다. 사람들에게 가장 유명한 살아있는 아프리카인이 누구인지를 묻는다면, 보통 대답은 ‘넬슨 만델라’이다. 하지만 우리가 이 글을 2006 월드컵 이후에 쓰기 때문에, 가장 유명한 살아있는 아프리카인은 지네딘 지단*일 경우가 꽤 있을 것이다. 이 개인에 대해서 고려해보자. 지단은 누구, 혹은 무엇일까? 그는 마르세유에서 태어나고 자란 프랑스인이다. 하지만 그는 동시에 부모가 알제리에서 이민 온 북아프리카인이고, 조상이 커바일산 출신인 베르베르인이고 그의 조상들의 마을들을 매우 자랑스러워 한다고 한다. 그는 또한 자신을 무슬림으로 정의한다고 한다. 그리고 그는, 당연하지만, 축구인이다. 이런 꼬리표들 중에서 무엇을 지단이 사용하기로 결정하는지는 그가 있는 장소와 어떻게 그때 생각하는지에 따라 달렸다. 정체성을 다른 단어로 설명하자면 다면적인만큼 (빈칸)이다. 

1. 독창적 2. 민족적 3. 정치적 4. 토착적 5. 유동적

*지네딘 지단은 날강두가 뛰고 있는 레알 마드리드의 감독입니다. 

20. Picasso’s oeuvre includes more than 1,800 paintings, 1,200 sculptures, 2,800 ceramics, and 12,000 drawings, not to mention prints, rugs, and tapestries—only a fraction of which have garnered acclaim. In poetry, when we recite Maya Angelou’s classic poem “Still I Rise,” we tend to forget that she wrote 165 others; we remember her moving memoir I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings and pay less attention to her other 6 autobiographies. In science, Einstein wrote papers on general and special relativity that transformed physics, but many of his 248 publications had minimal impact. If you want to be original, “the most important possible thing you could do,” says Ira Glass, the producer of This American Life and the podcast Serial , “is (빈칸).” *

① do a lot of work ② reject the default ③ take radical risks ④ gain new insights ⑤ explore better options

20. 피카소의 일생의 작품은 무려 약 1,800개의 그림, 1,200개의 조각상, 2,800개의 도자기와 12,000개의 소묘, 거기에다가 활자, 양탄자와 태피스트리를 포함한다-이는 찬사를 얻은 예술품 중 오직 일부일 뿐이다. 시의 세계에서, 우리가 마야 안젤루의 ‘그래도 난 일어난다’라는 시를 낭송할 때, 우리는 그녀가 165편의 시를 더 썼다는 것을 잊는 경향이 있다; 우리는 안젤루 시인의 감동적인 회고록 ‘난 왜 새장의 새들이 지저귀는지 알아요’를 기억하지만 그녀가 집필한 나머지 6개의 자서전들에는 관심을 덜 준다. 과학의 세계에서, 아인슈타인은 물리학을 바꾼 일반/특수 상대성이론에 대한 논문을 집필했지만, 그의 나머지 248개의 출판물들은 대부분 아주 미미한 영향만을 미쳤다. 만약 당신이 독창적이고 싶다면, This American Life와 팟캐스트 Serial의 프로듀서인 아이라 글라스는 ‘당신이 할 수 있는 가장 중요한 것은 (빈칸)이다”라고 말한다. 

1. 많은 일을 하는 것 2. 디폴트를 거부하는 것 3. 극단적인 위험을 감수하는 것 4. 새로운 방향으로 이해를 하는 것 5. 더 나은 선택지를 찾아보는 것

21. Lightner Witmer received his doctorate in psychology in 1892 in Germany under Wilhelm Wundt, who many view as the founder of experimental psychology. He also studied under James McKeen Cattell, another pioneer of experimental psychology. At the time Witmer received his doctorate, psychology was essentially an academic discipline, a field of research. It had almost none of the applied functions that characterize the field today. In short, in the late 1800s, (빈칸).

① the field of experimental psychology was not popular ② psychologists didn’t practice psychology, but studied it ③ Lightner Witmer was a leading psychologist in Germany ④ it took much effort to receive a doctoral degree in psychology ⑤ Wilhelm Wundt set the stage for the birth of clinical psychology

21. 라이트너 위트머는 1892년에 독일에서 많은 사람들이 실험적 심리학의 창시자로 생각하는 빌헬름 분트 밑에서 심리학 박사를 받았습니다. 그는 경험적 심리학의 개척자 중 한 명인 제임스 멕킨 카텔 밑에서도 공부했습니다. 위트머가 박사학위을 받을 당시, 심리학은 조사의 분야라고 할 수 있는, 근본적으로 학문적인 분야였습니다. 현재 현장에서 사용되는 (심리를) 특징짓는 응용 기능을 거의 가지고 있지 않았습니다. 줄여서 말해서, 1800년대 후반에는, (빈칸)

1. 실험적 심리학의 분야는 인기가 없었다. 2. 심리학자들은 심리학을 실습하지는 않았고, 다만 연구하였다. 3. 라이트너 위트머는 독일의 선두적인 심리학자였다. 4. 심리학으로 박사 학위를 받기 위해서 많은 노력이 필요하였다. 5. 빌헬름 분트가 임사 심리학의 탄생의 무대를 꾸몄다. 

22. When Adam Smith lectured at the University of Glasgow in the 1760s, he introduced the study of demand by posing a puzzle. Common sense, he said, suggests that the price of a commodity must somehow depend on what that good is worth to consumers—on the amount of utility that the commodity offers. Yet, Smith pointed out, some cases suggest that (빈칸). Smith cited diamonds and water as examples. He noted that water has enormous value to most consumers; indeed, its availability can be a matter of life and death. Yet water generally either is free or sells at a very low price, whereas diamonds sell for very high prices even though few people would consider them necessities.

① a good’s price may depend on its availability ② a good’s price may be intertwined with its value ③ a good’s utility may have little influence on its price ④ a good’s utility may depend on its supply and demand ⑤ a good’s quantity demanded may not depend on its price

22. 애덤 스미스가 1760년데에 글래스고 대학에서 강의를 할 때, 그는 퍼즐을 제기하면서 수요에 대한 연구를 소개하였다. 그는 상식적으로 상품의 가격이 그것이 소비자들에게 얼마나 가치 있는지, 즉 상품이 제공할 수 있는 유용성의 총량에 달려있다고 주장했다. 스미스는 그러나, 몇몇 경우는 (빈칸)이라고 시사했다. 스미스는 다이아몬드와 물을 인용해 예시를 들었다. 그는 물이 물을 구할 수 있냐는 문제가 삶과 죽음의 문제가 될 수 있기 때문에 엄청난 가치를 가지고 있다는 점에 주목했다. 그렇지만 물은 보통 공짜이거나 매우 낮은 가격에 팔리고, 반면 다이아몬드는 소수의 사람들만 다이아몬드를 필수품이라고 생각하지만 매우 높은 가격에 팔린다. 

1. 상품의 가격은 확보 가능성에 달렸다. 2. 상품의 가격은 가치와 얽힐 수도 있다. 3. 상품의 유용성은 가격에 작은 영향을 미칠 수 있다. 4. 상품의 유용성은 그것의 수요와 공급에 달린 것일수도 있다. 5. 상품 수요의 양은 가격에 의존하지 않을 수도 있다. 

23. While to-do lists serve as a useful collection of our best intentions, they also tyrannize us with trivial, unimportant stuff that we feel obligated to get done— because it’s on our list. Which is why most of us have a love-hate relationship with our to-do lists. If allowed, they set our priorities the same way an inbox can dictate our day. Most inboxes overflow with unimportant e-mails masquerading as priorities. Tackling these tasks in the order we receive them is behaving as if the squeaky wheel immediately deserves the grease. But, as Australian prime minister Bob Hawke duly noted, “The things which are most important (빈칸).”

① can easily lead you astray ② don’t always scream the loudest ③ sometimes undermine our success ④ are just first things we thought of ⑤ must be at the mercy of things which matter least

23. 할 일을 적어 놓은 리스트가 우리 선의를 적어 놓은 모음집이 될 수 있지만, 리스트에 있다는 이유 만으로 중요하지 않을 일들을 해야만 하는 의무가 있는 것 같은 느낌을 들게 압제한다. 이렇기 때문에 우리 대부분이 할 일을 적어 놓은 리스트와 애증관계에 있다. 만약 가능하다면, 리스트는 편지 수신함이 우리의 하루를 지배하는 것처럼 우리의 우선순위를 정한다. 대부분의 편지 수신함은 중요한 것처럼 위장하는 중요하지 않은 이메일로 넘쳐난다. 받는 순서대로 이런 일들을 처리하는 것은 끼익 소리가 나는 바퀴에 바로 윤활류를 발라야하는 것과 같은 행동이다. 그러나, 호주의 총리 밥 하크가 적절하게 지적했듯, “중요한  것들은 (빈칸)”

1. 쉽게 당신이 길을 잃게 할 수 있습니다. 2. 항상 제일 큰 소리를 내지 않습니다. 3, 가끔 우리의 성공을 과소평가합니다. 4, 우리가 맨 처음 생각한 것들입니다. 5. 가장 덜 중요한 것들에 대해 자비를 배풀어야합니다. 

24. A blockchain is used in bitcoin to prevent the double-spend problem. Before bitcoin, the issue with a digital currency was that someone could spend the same unit of digital currency in multiple places at the same time. A blockchain solves this problem by providing a shared ledger, which ensures that everyone knows and agrees on how much of the digital currency has transacted among users at any point in time. It is thought that blockchains might provide an effective tool in detecting and preventing corrupt or fraudulent activities. This thinking is premised on the (빈칸) of a blockchain. The (빈칸) prevents any one party from altering past entries, as one might be able to do with paper or digital records.

① availability ② innovation ③ multiplicity ④ flexibility ⑤ immutability

24. 블록체인은 비트코인에서 이중 사용 문제를 해결하기 위해 사용됩니다. 비트코인 이전에, 디지털 화폐와 관련된 문제는 누군가가 동시에 여러 곳에서 같은 단위의 디지털 화폐를 사용할 수 있다는 점이였습니다. 블록체인은 얼마나 많은 디지털 화폐가 어느 시점에 사용자 간에 송금된 것인지를 보장하는 공용 (은행, 사업체 등에서 거래 내역을 적은) 원장을 제공함으로써 이 문제를 해결합니다. 블록체인이 부패나 부정한 활동을 탐지하고 예방하는데 있어서 효율적인 도구가 될 수 있다고 흔히 생각합니다. 이런 생각은 블록체인의 (빈칸)에 대한 편견에 의한 것입니다. (빈칸)은 어떤 집단이 서류나 디지털 기록으로는 가능한 과거 출입을 변경하는 것을 방지합니다. 

1. 유용성 2. 혁신 3. 다양성 4. 유연성 5. 불변이성

25. Former Congresswoman Patricia Schroeder pinpointed one of the most important reasons for women to enter the workforce when she argued that the primary reason they do so in such unprecedented numbers is that they have to maintain their families. Many family women work because they must work. For others, although families have become smaller, wants have become larger. (A) , for these family women, work is not an actual necessity but it is a social need: It is the only way the family can meet its desires. (B) , for black and other minority females, work has been a necessity for much longer than for white females. Women in the workforce as a percentage of total women of working age rose from 32 percent in 1972 to over 70 percent in the early 2000s. Analysts who study such trends say that the percentage of working women with children is expected to continue to grow even through some very high-income women may choose to stop working and stay home with their children.

(A) (B) ① Therefore …… However ② Otherwise …… In addition ③ Thus …… Nevertheless ④ Moreover …… Therefore ⑤ For example …… On the other hand

25. 전 국회의원 패트리시아 슈뢰더는 여성이 노동 시장에 뛰어드는 가장 중요한 이유가 가족을 부양하기 위해서임을 여성들이 전례가 없는 숫자로 그러는 주요 원인을 주장했을 때 정확히 지적하였다. 많은 가정이 있는 여성들은 반드시 일해야 하기 때문에 일을 한다. 다른 경우에는, 가족의 크기는 작아졌지만, 요구는 더 커졌다. (A), 이 가정이 있는 여성들에게는 일은 진짜로 필수인 것이 아니라 사회적 필요이다. 가족의 수요를 맞추기 위한 유일한 방법이다. (B), 흑인이나 다른 소수자 여성들에게는, 일은 백인 여자들보다 더욱 오랜 기간동안 필수였었다. 전체 여성에서 노동 시장에 종사하고 있는 여성의 비율은 1972년에 32%에서 2000년대 초반에 70%까지 상승하였다. 이런 현상을 연구하고 있는 분석가들은 초고소득 여성이 일을 그만두고 아이들과 같이 집에 있는 것을 택할 수 있음에도 불구하고 일하는 아이가 있는 여성의 비율은 계속 증가할 것이라고 말한다. 

이건 다들 아실 거라고 생각합니다

26,27. Convinced that human actions derived their emotional energy from the ‘heart’, which could only be addressed and activated by judiciously selected symbols, Gandhi evolved a powerful cluster of culturally (1)evocative symbols including the spinning wheel, the cow, and the ‘Gandhi cap’ (a white cotton cap popularized by him). The spinning wheel, for example, which Gandhi asked everyone to ply, served several symbolic purposes. It was a way of gently (2)rebelling against modern technological civilization and (3)denouncing the dignity of India’s rural way of life. (a)It united the cities and the villages and the Westernized elite and the masses, and was an ‘emblem of their fellowship.’ The spinning wheel also established the dignity of manual labor and those engaged in (b)it and (4)challenged the traditional Indian culture which despised both. (c)It symbolized social compassion, for those who did not need the proceeds of (d)its products were urged to give away those products to the needy, an infinitely superior moral act to the (5)patronizing donation of money. And (e)it also forced the individual to be alone with himself and observe silence for at least some time. Gandhi not only evolved countless symbols of this kind but also became one himself.

26,27. 오직 현명하게 선택된 기호들에 의해서만 다뤄지고 활성화 될 수 있는 ‘마음’에서 나오는 감정적인 에너지가 인간의 행동에서 비롯된다고 확신한 간디는 물레, 소, 그리고 ‘간디 모자’(간디가 유행시킨 하얀색 면 모자) 문화적으로 좋은 기억을 떠올리게 하는 기호들을 발달했다. 간디가 모두에게 능숙하게 다룰 것을 부탁한 물레를 예로 들자면 여러 상징적 목적을 띄었다. 물레는 현대의 기술적 문명에 신사적으로 저항하고 인도 시골의 삶의 방식을 비난하는(틀린 단어) 방법이었다. 이것은 도시와 마을들, 그리고 서구화된 엘리트와 대중들을 결합시켰고 ‘유대감의 상징’이었다. 물레는 또한 수작업과 종사자들의 품위를 세워주었고 이 둘을 경멸하였던 인도 문화에 도전하였다. 물레는 물레의 생산물의 수익금이 필요하지 않는 사람들은 돈을 기부하는 후원에 비해 무한정으로 우월한 도덕적 행동인 가난한 사람들에게 이 생산물을 주도록 권고를 받았던 사회적 동정심을 상징한다. 그리고 또한 최소한 잠깐이라도 개인들에게 혼자 있는 상태에서 정적을 관찰하도록 강제했다. 간디는 이런 종류의 수없이 많은 종류의 상징을 진화 시킨 것 뿐만 아니라 그가 그중 하나가 되었다. 

28. The train started again. The door at the end of their car opened and two German soldiers appeared. Annemarie tensed. Not here, on the train, too? They were everywhere. Together the soldiers strolled through the car, glancing at passengers, stopping here and there to ask a question. One of them had something stuck in his teeth; he probed with his tongue and distorted his own face. Annemarie watched with a kind of frightened fascination as the pair approached. One of the soldiers looked down with a bored __EXPRESSION__ on his face. “Where are you going?” he asked. “Gilleleje,” Mama replied calmly. “My brother lives there. We are going to visit him.” The soldier turned away and Annemarie relaxed. Then, without warning, he turned back. “Are you visiting your brother for the New Year?” he asked suddenly. Mama stared at him with a puzzled look. “New Year?” she asked “It is only October.” “And guess what!” Kirsti exclaimed suddenly, in a loud voice, looking at the soldier. Annemarie’s heart sank and she looked at her mother. Mama’s eyes were frightened. “Shhh, Kirsti,” Mama said. “Don’t chatter so.” But Kirsti paid no attention to Mama, as usual. She looked cheerfully at the soldier, and Annemarie knew what she was about to say: This is our friend Ellen and it’s her New Year! But she didn’t. Instead, Kirsti pointed at her feet. “I’m going to visit my Uncle Henrik,” she chirped, “and I’m wearing my brand-new shiny black shoes!” The soldier chuckled and moved on. Annemarie gazed through the window again. The trees, the Baltic Sea, and the cloudy October sky passed in a blur as they continued north along the coast.

28. 기차가 다시 출발하였다. 그들이 타고 있는 칸의 끝에 있는 문이 열리고 독일 병사 두 명이 나타났다. 안네 마리는 긴장하였다. 여긴 아닐텐데, 기차에도? 그들은 어디에든 있었다. 병사들은 같이 칸을 지나가면서 탑승객들을 바라보고 여기저기서 질문하러 멈췄다. 그중 한 명은 이빨에 뭔가 끼었다; 그는 혀로 낀 것을 찾으면서 얼굴을 찡그렸다. 앤 마리는 그 두 명이 다가오면서 두려운 놀라움의 표정으로 그들을 보았다. 군인들 중 한 명이 따분한 표정으로 그들을 내려다보았다. ‘어디 가십니까?”라고 그가 묻자, “길렐라이에요” 엄마가 침착하게 답변했다. “내 동생이 거기 살아요. 남동생 집에 놀러가려고요.” 군인이 돌아섰고 안네 마리는 안도의 한숨을 내쉬었다. 그러자, 경고도 없이, 군인이 다시 뒤돌았다. “신년을 기념해서 동생네 댁에 가십니까?”라고 갑자기 그가 물었다. 엄마는 그를 어리둥절한 표정으로 쳐다보았다 “신년이요?” 엄마가 물었다 “지금은 10월 인데요” “그리고 그거 아세요?” 크리스티가 큰 목소리로 군인을 바라보며 갑자기 소리쳤다. 안네 마리는 걱정되어 그녀의 엄마를 바라보았다. 엄마의 눈빛은 공포에 질렸다. “조용히 해, 크리스티”라고 엄마는 말했다. “그렇게 재잘거리지 마렴” 그러나 크리스티는 언제나 그렇든 엄마한테 전혀 신경을 쓰지 않았다. 크리스티는 신난 표정으로 군인을 바라봤고, 안네 마리는 크리스티가 뭔 말을 할지 알았다: 얘는 저희 친구 엘렌이고 얘의 설날이에요! 그렇지만 그녀는 그렇지 않았다. 그대신, 크리스티는 발을 가리켰다. “저희는 저희 삼촌 헨릭네 집에 놀러가고 있어요 그리고 저는 완전 새거에다 광까지 나는 검은색 신발을 신고 있죠!”라고 재잘거렸다. 군인은 웃으면서 넘어갔다. 안네 마리는 다시 창문을 바라보았다. 나무들, 발트 해, 그리고 구름 많은 10월의 하늘은 기차가 해안선을 따라 북쪽으로 가면서 흐릿하게 스쳐 지나갔다. 

이해를 위한 해설: 이 지문은 영문 소설 Number The Stars, 국내에서는 별을 헤아리며라는 제목으로 출판된 책에서 발췌한 지문입니다. 이 책의 배경은 2차 세계 대전입니다. 독일군은 덴마크를 점령하였고, 덴마크 정부는 즉각적인 항복을 했습니다. 그러자 덴마크 내에서 독일에 대항하는, 쉽게 말하는 레지스탕스 세력이 계속 덴마크에 있는 나치 정권을 건드리자 빡친 나치 정권은 유대인들을 잡아들이려고 했고(이전에는 수출로 제공의 대가로 잡아들이진 않았습니다), 유대인들의 설날, 로쉬 하나샤에 S.S를 동원해서 잡아 수용소에 보내려고 했지만 사전에 정보가 유츌되어 덴마크에서 전국적으로 유대인을 몰래 인접국인 스웨덴으로 보냈습니다. S.S가 로쉬 하나샤에 유대인들을 습격하였지만 유대인들은 이미 떠나고 없었습니다. 절대 다수가 무사히 탈출하였고, 단 500명을 제외한 덴마크 거주 유대인들은 덴마크 인들의 노력으로 대피할 수 있었고, 500명 중에도 50명 만이 잔혹한 나치 정권에 의해 목숨을 잃었습니다. 또한 덴마크 인들도 유대인을 숨기거나 탈출하는데 도움을 준 이유로 목숨을 잃은 사람도 많았습니다. 이 지문에 나오는 덴마크인 안네 마리, 크리스티, 어머니는 유대인인 엘렌을 안전하게 탈출시키기 위해 실제로 목숨을 무릅쓴 수많은 덴마크인들 중 몇 명입니다. 

독일 병사가 ‘신년’을 언급한 이유는 유대인들의 신년은 1월 1일이 아닌, 유대력의 1월, 태양력으로 9월 혹은 10월입니다. 그래서 어머니가 아직 10월이라고 말한 것이고, 안네가 크리스티가 얘의 신년이라고 말할 까봐 걱정을 한 것입니다. 그럼 엘렌이 유대인인게 들통나는 것이고, 저 주인공들의 목숨도 위태롭겠죠. 

29. Millions of years ago, a dozen or so genetic changes took place in the ancestor of al1 of today’s felids, which have locked them into eating meat ever since. All cats require a large amount of animal protein in their diet— protein from plants lacks certain amino acids such as taurine that cats need but other mammals (including ourselves) do not. Cats can’t make their own prostaglandins —hormones essential to reproduction—and so need to get these from meat. Compared to other mammals, all cats need large amounts of several vitamins, such as niacin, thiamine and retinol, which are more easily extracted from meat than from plants. And because they don’t need to tell the difference between ripe and unripe fruit, they’ve lost the ability to taste sugars. They have adapted their ‘sweet’ taste buds for distinguishing between different flavors in meat—which is why pet cats sometimes walk away from food that seems fine to their owners. This knowledge has only come to light in the past 40 years, benefiting not only pet cats but also the captive breeding of endangered felids such as the clouded leopard.

29. 수백만년 전, 모든 고양잇과들의 조상에서 그때부터 고기를 먹게 만든 열 개 이상의 유전적 변화가 나타났다. 모든 고양이들은 식단에 다량의 동물 단백질이 필요하다-식물에서 얻는 단백질은 타우린 같은 고양이가 필요하지만 다른 포유류(인간을 포함한)는 필요없는 특정 아미노산이 부족하다. 다른 포유류와 비교했을 때, 모든 고양이들은 나이아신, 티아민, 그리고 레티놀을 포함한 식물보다 고기에서 더 쉽게 추출할 수 있는 몇몇 비타민이 많이 필요하다. 그리고 고양이들은 익은 과일과 덜 익은 과일의 차이점을 구별할 필요가 없으므로, 고양이들은 설탕을 맛볼 수 있는 능력을 잃었다. 고양이들은 ‘단맛’을 느끼는 미뢰를 고기의 맛들을 구별하는데 적응시켰습니다-이래서 집고양이들이 주인은 괜찮은 것 같은 음식을 먹지 않는 경우가 있는 것입니다. 집고양이들 뿐만 아니라 대만 표범처럼 멸종 위기인 고양잇과 동물들의 포획 사육에도 도움을 준 이 지식은 지난 40년에 드디어 빛을 보았습니다

30. As soon as he came to the throne, Philip began transforming the Macedonian military into a more successful image of what he had seen at Thebes. Philip further lengthened the already longer spears used by the Thebans, creating the Macedonian sarissa, a spear of about eighteen feet in length, double that of the traditional Greek hoplite spear. He retained the Theban wedge formation but also added heavy cavalry to the line, thus incorporating the Macedonians’ strongest element into the phalanx. The results spoke for themselves, as over the next twenty years, Philip systematically conquered all of mainland Greece, with the exception of Sparta, which he chose to leave alone. Philip’s final great victory was at the Battle of Chaeronea (338 B.C.), in which the Macedonian armies defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes. Philip’s conquest of the entire mainland was the end of an era, as for the first time, the entire territory was united under the rule of a king. 

30. 그가 왕좌에 앉자 마자, 필립은 마케도니아 군대를 그가 테베에서 보았던 더욱 성공적인 이미지로 전환하는 것을 시작하였다. 필립은 테베인들이 이미 사용하고 있던 더 긴 창을 더욱더 길이를 늘려 길이가 약 5.5미터인, 그리스 장갑 보병이 사용하던 전통 창의 길이의 2배인 장창, 마케도니아 사리사를 제작했다. 그는 테베의 쐐기 진형은 유지했지만 거기에다 중기병대를 끼워넣어 시켜 밀집 진형에 마케도니아에서 가장 강력한 부분을 포함시켰다. 개편 이후 20년동안 필립이 체계적으로 필립이 냅두기로 결정한 스파르타를 제외한 그리스 본토를 모두 점령함으로써 결과를 보여주었다. 필립의 마지막 대승은 마케도니아 군대가 아테네와 테베의 연합군을 격퇴시킨 카이로네이아 전투(기원전 338년)였다. 전체 본토에 대한 필립의 정복전쟁은 고대 그리스 시대의 끝을 맺었고, 처음으로 전체 영토가 왕의 통치 하에 통일되었다. 

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